SOWK 486 - Week 05 - Communication Skills

A presentation at Heritage University in September 2021 by Jacob Campbell and is tagged with BASW Program, Heritage University, SOWK 486w

Week 05: 09/22/21 Content: Communication Skills Reading: Hepworth et al. (2017) chapters five and six Due: A-02: Reading Quiz for chapters five and six is due at 5:30 PM before class via My Heritage

The Facilitative conditions Empathy Authenticity The Empathic Communication Scale

As we have talked about, relationship and client belief in the process are essential to positive outcomes. Nearly half of the outcome relies on fundamental skills and abilities that social workers need to learn, apart from the type of treatment offered (As cited by Hepworth — Adams et al., 2008; Miller et al., 2013) Factor | Percentage —- | —- Client or extra-therapeutic factors | 40% Relationship factors | 30% Placebo, hope, and expectancy factors | 15% Model / technique factors | 15%

“Clients often have an unclear idea about what to expect from contact with a social worker, and those ideas may differ from the social worker’s expectations as well (Kadushin & Kadushin, 1997). This is most evident when the client has been referred or mandated for service. Clarifying expectations becomes a key intervention in work with clients who have not chosen to see a social worker (Rooney et al., 2009; Trotter, 2006).” Determine your client expectations: Ask questions to determine what their expectations. Help them to manage unrealistic or unreasonable expectations. Emphasize client responsibility: What are the expectations that you or others have on them. Emphasize difficulties inherent in the process: Making change is hard. Extinction burst. Clarify your own role: What will you be doing and expectations they can have on you [Small Group Activity] Pick a group project that you have. It could be the paper for this class or another assignment. Spend some time clarifying your own roles in that. B. F. Skinner (1933) “Resistance to Extinction” in the Process of Conditioning, The Journal of General Psychology, 9:2, 420-429, DOI: 10.1080/00221309.1933.9920945

Importance of How to do I want to let you know about a couple of important things. First, I want you to know that the things you tell me are confidential. Do you know what that means?… There are some exceptions…

Carl Rodgers and person Center Counseling probably give the best and most focus on basic helping attitudes. The facilitative conditions (or core conditions) in helping relationships were originally denoted by Carl Rogers (1957) as… Empathy Unconditional positive regard Congruence Much of the current research describes these as: Warmth Authenticity Empathy Facilitative conditions are often thought to be the foundation-level skills that undergird many treatment models and help create a positive client–social worker relationship. Research has especially supported the correlation of empathy with positive social work outcomes. The facilitative skills are particularly useful in treatment situations with voluntary clients.

The RSA. (2013, December 10). Brené Brown on Empathy. Brené Brown on Empathy. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Evwgu369Jw The following is a short video clip from a presentation that Brené Brown did called the “The Power of Vulnerability.” [Activity] Watch the video clip. [Discussion] What did you think of Theresa Wiseman (2007) concept of four parts to empathy. “Toward a holistic conceptualization of empathy for nursing practice.” Perspective taking and recognizing their perspective as truth Staying out of judgment Recognizing emotion in other people Communicating emotion with people [Discussion] What do you think about this video?

To review, that is… Perspective taking and recognizing their perspective as truth Staying out of judgment Recognizing emotion in other people Communicating emotion with people Wiseman, T. (2007). Toward a holistic conceptualization of empathy for nursing practice. Advances in Nursing Science, 30(3), E61–E72. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ANS.0000286630.00011.e3

With empathy being such an important skill, we need to discuss how we can develop perceptiveness to feelings. As well we know that feelings or emotions exert a powerful influence on behavior and often play a central role in the problems of clients. To respond to the broad spectrum of emotions and feeling states presented by clients, the social worker must be fully aware of the diversity of human emotions. Position of not knowing… They also need to take a “not knowing” position of learning what emotional expression means for the particular client in front of them. It is important to realize that high-level empathic responding takes place in two phases: A thinking process A responding process Applicants or voluntary clients often enter into the helping relationship with openness, hoping to explore both their concerns and their related feelings.

You feel __ about __ because __ You feel __ , yet you also feel __ [Partner Group Activity] With a partner, take turns sharing respectively for about five minutes, about an experience that they experienced an emotional response (any emotion, happiness, sadness, excitement, nervousness, etc. - does not need to be an overly personal story.) The person not telling the story’s job is to draw out the details of the event and find opportunities to respond empathetically.

There are a number of ways in which social workers can employ reciprocal empathic responding: Establishing relationships with clients in initial sessions Staying in touch with clients Accurately assessing client problems Responding to clients’ nonverbal messages —> Continues on next slide

Making confrontations more palatable Handling obstacles presented by clients Managing anger and patterns of violence Utilizing empathic responses to facilitate group discussions

[Whole Class Activity] What is authenticity and why is it important? Authenticity is defined as the sharing of self by relating in a natural, sincere, spontaneous, open, and genuine manner.

“Viewed from a therapeutic perspective, self-disclosure encourages clients to reciprocate with trust and openness. Lee (2014) has identified two types of self-disclosure: self-involving statements and personal self-disclosure” (Hepworth, et al., 2017) Self-involving statements include messages that express the social worker’s personal reaction to the client during the course of a session. Personal self-disclosure messages, by contrast, center on struggles or problems the social worker is currently experiencing or has experienced that are similar to the client’s problems

The use of self-disclosure can be a meaningful and useful tool that we use as social workers. I also want to provide caution to you. First, let me tell you about my experience and then a couple of things I have found that you should consider. Tell story of my dad Tell story of starting our in social work and self-disclosure Talk about the three things that are important. Done for the client, purposefully Enough details to provide connection and understanding, but limited Focus on other forms to demonstrating authenticity, use sparingly

As social workers practice authentic responding and teach clients to respond authentically in their encounters with others, they should keep in mind the following guidelines related to the four elements of an authentic message: Personalize messages with the pronoun “I.” Share feelings that lie at varying depths. Describe the situation or targeted behavior in neutral or descriptive terms. Identify the specific impact of the problem situation or behavior of others.

Ragan, T. (2014 Jan 30) Carol Dweck - A study on praise and mindsets [Video File]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/NWv1VdDeoRY. [Whole Class Activity] Watch the video. [Whole Class Activity] Discuss: How does this impact us as social workers How do we give specific praise

As social workers, we sometimes have to authentically respond when there are requests made by the client or when we believe it is for the best interest of the client. Client Initiated Requests from Clients for Personal Information Questions That Solicit the Social Worker’s Perceptions Worker Initiated Disclosing Past Experiences Sharing Perceptions, Ideas, Reactions, and Formulations Openly (and Tactfully) Sharing Reactions When Put on the Spot Experiencing Discomfort in Sessions Sharing Feelings When Clients’ Behavior Is Unreasonable or Distressing Sharing Feelings When Clients Give Positive Feedback

“Another aspect of relating authentically entails relating assertively to clients when a situation warrants such behavior.” Making Requests and Giving Directives: Work on problem-solving during sessions and skill-building. Maintaining Focus and Managing Interruptions: Keeping focus Interrupting Problematic Processes: When things aren’t going well. “Leaning Into” Clients’ Anger: Managing angry responses Saying No and Setting Limits: Saying no.

Empathic responding is a fundamental yet complex skill that requires systematic practice and extensive effort to achieve competency. Some social workers dismiss the need for training in empathic responding, mistakenly believing themselves to already be empathic in their contacts with clients. We can all improve our own level of empathetic responding. I would encourage you to consider where you really are at in regarding to your ability to empathetically respond. There are six levels on the empathic communication scale:

Level 0: Lack of empathic responding It is actively judgmental and inappropriately confrontational

Level 1: Low level of empathic responding Limited awareness or understanding of the client’s feelings; the social worker’s responses are irrelevant and often abrasive, hindering rather than facilitating communication Common problems related to level one are… Giving advice Persuading with logical argument Negativity evaluating the client Changing the subject Leading questions Untimely reassurance

Level 2: Moderately low level of empathic responding Responding to client’s surface message but omitting feelings or factual aspects

Level 3: Interchangeable or reciprocal level of empathic responding Ok therapeutic level of empathetic communication… convey understanding and are essentially interchangeable with the client’s obvious expressions, accurately reflecting factual aspects of the client’s messages and surface feelings or state of being Explore problems: Can be used for further exploration of problem focused responses of the client Immediately apparent emotions: responses such as these express accurately the immediately apparent emotions in the client’s message

Level 4: Moderately high level of empathic responding Somewhat additive, accurately identifying the client’s implicit underlying feelings and/or aspects of the problem

Level 5: High level of empathic responding Reflecting each emotional nuance and using voice and intensity of expressions finely attuned to the client’s moment-by-moment experiencing, the social worker accurately responds to the full range and intensity of both surface and underlying feelings and meanings at Level 5.

While we do not need to be in all of our relationships, or in every arena. I believe it can be helpful for us to self evaluate ourselves and what levels we might be at. [Small Group Activity] Partner discussion with the following points: How does the level of your empathetic response change between different people that you interact with? What levels of empathetic communication do in the various types of communication you have in your life? What are things you can do to increase the your level of empathetic response?

Portrait style photo of Jacob Campbell

Dr. Jacob Campbell

27 slides

Description

The focus of week five for SOWK 486 is on communication skill/s. There are many what Hepworth et al. (2017) term as discrete verbal following skills. Rogers (1957), who developed the concept of person-centered counseling, described what he called the facilitative condition. This includes empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence. He proposed that when clinicians can maintain these aspects, they can support and help promote positive changes in their clients. The plan for today is to talk about the core skills that help clinicians help their clients. The plan is as follows:

The Facilitative conditions
Empathy
Authenticity
The Empathic Communication Scale